Why was the Supreme Court built in 2010 and how effective has it been at upholding civil liberties?

The Supreme Court was presented in 2010 as a trade for the House of Lords as the top law courtroom in the UK, Wales and Northern Ireland. This court has cost roughly 59 million pounds to fabricate and was authoritatively open on first October 2009. The sanctioning of the Supreme Court occurred under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 (The Supreme Court [Online], 2010) and as of now remains as the main equity in the UK. The principle focal point of this paper is to look at how The Supreme Court organizes in the advancement of the United Kingdom Law along these lines playing a significant undertaking at keeping up key individual rights. Being the most unmistakable legal executive in the UK, it is likewise crucial to see the distinction between The Supreme Court and the past House of Lords Committee in which The Supreme Court has supplanted. The significant contrasts are noticeable as far as force and the effect it has on the British Constitution. The primary explanation The Supreme Court was constructed is because of the Government’s choice on isolating the legal creation capacities and the authoritative obligation of the House of Lords, making this the last advance in division of forces. Ruler Philip, 2009) expressed that it has gone to a circumstance where the adjudicator are completely isolated from the Legislature and Parliament. (Raynsford, 2010) guaranteed that it was directly for the Prime Minister, earlier meeting from the Parliament, to move the Ultimate Court of Appeal (The Supreme Court) from the House of Lords as to keep away from disarray between the job of the House of Lords and the job of the C ourt of Appeal. Furthermore, this partition of intensity stays away from the legal executive from holding supreme force, consequently disheartening debasement and predisposition from the legal executive through legislative issues and media. (Casciani, 2010) expressed that after the running of the Supreme Court, 12 Law chancellor from the House of Lords who were hearing interests in the Parliament is presently the Justices of the Supreme Court and are no all the more participating in the House of Lord’s issue. Prior to the establishment of the Supreme Court, senior appointed authorities that are at present in the House of Lords were nlightened to capture cases that are of extraordinary noteworthy to people in general and constitution inside the House of Lords itself (The Supreme Court [Online], 2010). They were qualified to decide in favor of the result of the cases and once in a while, assuming any, would have a significant connection to individual political intrigue. Be that as it may, with another key change set up, Parliament will be liable for making law on favor of the electorate while the appointed authorities from the Supreme Court center around the decency of the new law when applied to cases (BBC News, 2010). Master Falconer, 2009) recommended this new change would fortify the legal executive, making it feasible for the legal executive to conflict with the executive’s choices (Prime Minister and his Cabinet) Moreover, a main adjudicator has disclosed to BBC that Britain’s Supreme Court could be more definitive than the House of Lords office and Lord Neuberger envision that the new court of advance could hold more power than the administration (Rozenberg, 2009). It is accepted that the judgment of the judges from the Supreme Court will influence the choices in the lower courts which, for this situation, apply to all the courts in the UK (BBC News, 2010). The Supreme Court additionally underline on defilement issues including overseeing experts in Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland, ensuring that they withstand and submit inside the forces allowed to them or whether they effectively complete the obligation given to the definitive government in each state. Master Neuberger contended that there is a genuine peril that judges will hold onto more force than what they right now have (Rozenberg, 2009). Along these lines, all things considered, the Supreme Court works the way the United State’s Supreme Court capacities which, upon the Court’s choices, tie each neighborhood law in singular states. For example, if The Supreme Court chooses to change the laws in London (the Capital city), different urban communities need to follow. (Master Philips, 2009) expressed that such circumstance is ‘possible’ however is ‘not probable’. In any case, in spite of the fact that the Supreme Court has demonstrated numerous focal points so far in America, reactions have emerged on the choices made by the Supreme Court guaranteeing that it debilitates the Court as an establishment where the foundation is a definitive watchman under the Constitution of the rights and freedoms (Fraenkel, 1960). Ruler Phillips who has remarked on different antagonistic subjects in the past states that there was no motivation to why Sharia law couldn't be utilized to determine questions among Muslims furnished that the authorizations conformed to the laws of England and Wales. Besides, he transparently safeguarded the Human Rights Act, calling it â€Å"a pivotal constituent of the essential of our battle against terrorism† and was answerable for passing on the judgment requiring the Director of Public Prosecutions to explain with conviction the law on helped self destruction (Mitchell, 2011). Ruler Phillips included that the announcement of the Human Rights Act by the past organization was a flat out commitment to the support of the standard of law in this nation and one for which it merits extraordinary credit (Rothwell, 2010). The Human Rights Act 1998 has had its impact since the World War on securing social liberties and permitting workers into the UK where Human Rights are not viewed as crucial in their own nation. (Master Philips, 2009) underscored on the significance of Human Rights, asserting that the ascent and backing of fear based oppression lies in the sentiments of segregation in people. In this manner, the need to shield each individual’s relatives from segregation in their encourage nation is indispensable. Be that as it may, Charles Clarke censured the Supreme Court, guaranteeing that the legal executive don't hold immaterial responsibility for shielding the general population and every so often uninformed about their choices on how it would influence the open society (Rothwell, 2010). Master Philips guarded the freedom of The Supreme Court expressing that the legal executive is just answerable for applying the laws that have been comprise by Parliament, not making it (Rothwell, 2010). Another case detailed in BBC news where the Supreme Court is demonstrated to be successful in its obligation to guard singular rights is indicated when two gay men who said they confronted oppression in their country reserve the option to haven in the UK as governed by the Supreme Court. As indicated by the judgment made by Lord Hope for the situation, to limit a gay individual to act that his state doesn't stifle the demeanor by which to unmistakable itself is to deny his household option to be who he is consequently gay people are as much qualified for the opportunity which are given to the individuals who are traight (BBC, 2010). At last, this paper has completely inspected the notable establishment of The Supreme Court, its thought process to why the administration stood firm on isolating the Court of Appeal (The Supreme Court) from the House of Lords just as the monster sway it has running from the open society to the British Constitution. Despite the fact that the points of int erest exceed the detriments, a few drawbacks ought to be viewed as, for example, one expressed by Charles Clarke, the past Lord Chancellor in the House of Lords, guaranteeing that the legal executive doesn't consider the public’s prosperity. I am extremely cognizant that I have neglected to spot on a couple of indispensable and captivating focuses and different issues regarding this matter. The Supreme Court is solidly to be not great and generally opens itself to analysis, Although the Supreme Court is new (2010) it might appear to stay as the most elevated court of claim for all UK’s local cases and criminal cases from Wales, Northern Ireland and England, thriving as the top court in the UK and maintain its freedom as the bleeding edge for the situation law world (The Supreme Court, 2010).Biblography * Casciani, D., 2010. Incomparable Court suppresses Treasury dread resources request. [Online] Available at: < http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hello/uk/8482630.stm> Assessed on May first 2011 * Fraenkel, O.S., 1960. The Supreme Court and Civil Liberties: How the Court has ensured the Bill of Rights. p.4. * Mitchell, N., 2011. Pen Portraits †Lord Phillips. UKSC Blog. [Online] Available at: < http://ukscblog.com/pen-pictures ruler phillips> Assessed on May first 2011 * Raynsford, N, 2009. Formation of the Supreme Court [Online] Available at: < http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ojsQA2W81I> Assessed on May second 2011 * Rothwell, R., 2010. Ruler Phillips safeguards Human Rights Act. Law SocietyGazette. [Online] Available at: < http://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/ruler phillips-protects human-rights-act> Assessed on April 25th 2011 * Rozenberg, J., 2009. Dread over Supreme Court sway. BBC News UK. [Online] Available at: < http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/greetings/uk/8237855.stm> Assessed on May second 2011 * Supreme Court, 2010. Gay refuge searchers from Iran and Cameroon win request. BBC News UK. [Online] Available at: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10180564> Assessed on May fourth 2011 * Supreme Court, 2010. Job of the Supreme Court, [Online] Available at: < http://www.supremecourt.gov.uk/about/job of-the-preeminent court.html> Assessed on May fourth 2011

Battle of Friedland in the Napoleonic Wars

Skirmish of Friedland in the Napoleonic Wars The Battle of Friedland was battled June 14, 1807, during the War of the Fourth Coalition (1806-1807). With the start of the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1806, Napoleon progressed against Prussia and won dazzling triumphs at Jena and Auerstadt. Having handled Prussia, the French drove into Poland with the objective incurring a comparative annihilation on the Russians. Following a progression of minor activities, Napoleon chose to enter winter quarters to allow his men to recuperate from the battling season. Restricting the French were Russian powers drove by General Count von Bennigsen. Seeing a chance to strike at the French, he started moving against the disengaged corps of Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte. Detecting an opportunity to disable the Russians, Napoleon requested Bernadotte to fall back while he moved with the principle armed force to remove the Russians. Gradually drawing Bennigsen into his snare, Napoleon was thwarted when a duplicate of his arrangement was caught by the Russians. Seeking after Bennigsen, the French armed force got spread over the open country. On February 7, the Russians went to hold fast approach Eylau. In the subsequent Battle of Eylau, the French were checked by Bennigsen on February 7-8, 1807. Leaving the field, the Russians withdrew north and the two sides moved into winter quarters. Armed forces Commanders French Napoleon Bonaparte71,000 men Russians General Levin August, Count von Bennigsen76,000 men Moving to Friedland Recharging the crusade that spring, Napoleon moved against the Russian situation at Heilsberg. Having taken a solid guarded position, Bennigsen repulsed a few French attacks on June 10, dispensing more than 10,000 setbacks. Despite the fact that his lines had held, Bennigsen chose for fall back once more, this time towards Friedland. On June 13, Russian rangers, under General Dmitry Golitsyn, cleared the zone around Friedland of French stations. This done, Bennigsen crossed the Alle River and involved the town. Arranged on the west bank of the Alle, Friedland involved a finger of land between the waterway and a factory stream (Map). The Battle of Friedland Begins Seeking after the Russians, Napoleons armed force progressed more than a few courses in numerous sections. The first to show up in the region of Friedland was that Marshal Jean Lannes. Experiencing Russian soldiers west of Friedland a couple of hours after 12 PM on June 14, the French conveyed and battling started in the Sortlack Wood and before the town of Posthenen. As the commitment developed in scope, the two sides started hustling to stretch out their lines north to Heinrichsdorf. This challenge was won by the French when mounted force drove by the Marquis de Grouchy involved the town. Pushing men over the waterway, Bennigsens powers had swollen to around 50,000 by 6:00 AM. While his soldiers were applying pressure on Lannes, he sent his men from the Heinrichsdorf-Friedland Road south to the upper curves of the Alle. Extra soldiers pushed north to the extent Schwonau, while save rangers moved into position to help the developing fight in the Sortlack Wood. As the morning advanced, Lannes battled to hold his position. He was before long helped by the appearance of Marshal Edouard Mortiers VIII Corps which drew nearer Heinrichsdorf and cleared the Russians out of Schwonau (Map). By late morning, Napoleon had shown up on the field with fortifications. Requesting Marshal Michel Neys VI Corps to expect a position south of Lannes, these soldiers framed among Posthenen and Sortlack Wood. While Mortier and Grouchy framed the French left, Marshal Claude Victor-Perrins I Corps and the Imperial Guard moved into a hold position west of Posthenen. Covering his developments with gunnery, Napoleon wrapped up his soldiers around 5:00 PM. Evaluating the bound territory around Friedland because of the waterway and Posthenen factory stream, he chose to strike at the Russian left. The Main Attack Moving behind a huge gunnery blast, Neys men progressed on the Sortlack Wood. Rapidly conquering the Russian restriction, they constrained the adversary back. On the extreme left, General Jean Gabriel Marchand prevailing with regards to driving the Russians into the Alle close Sortlack. While trying to recover the circumstance, Russian rangers mounted a decided assault on Marchands left. Flooding forward, the Marquis de Latour-Maubourgs dragoon division met and spurned this assault. Pushing forward, Neys men prevailing with regards to writing the Russians into the curves of the Alle before being ended. Despite the fact that the sun was setting, Napoleon looked to accomplish an unequivocal triumph and was reluctant to allow the Russians to get away. Requesting forward General Pierre Duponts division from the hold, he sent it against the mass of Russian soldiers. It was supported by the French mounted force which pushed back its Russian partners. As the fight re-touched off, General Alexandre-Antoine de Sã ©narmont conveyed his ordnance at short proximity and conveyed a dazzling blast of case-shot. Tearing through the Russian lines, discharge from Sã ©narmonts weapons broke the adversary position making them fall back and escape through the roads of Friedland. With Neys men in interest, the battling at the southern finish of the field turned into a defeat. As the attack against the Russian left had pushed ahead, Lannes and Mortier had attempted to stick the Russian community and right set up. Spotting smoke ascending from a consuming Friedland, the two of them progressed against the foe. As this assault pushed ahead, Dupont moved his assault north, forded the plant stream, and ambushed the flank of the Russian community. In spite of the fact that the Russians offered wild obstruction, they were eventually constrained to withdraw. While the Russian right had the option to escape by means of the Allenburg Road, the rest of back over the Alle with many suffocating in the waterway. Consequence of Friedland In the battling at Friedland, the Russians endured around 30,000 losses while the French brought about around 10,000. With his essential armed force wrecked, Tsar Alexander I started suing for harmony not exactly seven days after the fight. This successfully finished the War of the Fourth Coalition as Alexander and Napoleon closed the Treaty of Tilsit on July 7. This understanding finished threats and started a union among France and Russia. While France consented to help Russia against the Ottoman Empire, the last joined the Continental System against Great Britain. A second Treaty of Tilsit was marked on July 9 among France and Prussia. Anxious to debilitate and mortify the Prussians, Napoleon stripped them of a large portion of their region. Chosen Sources Clash of Friedland: French Order of BattleNapoleon Guide: Battle of FriedlandHarvey, Robert. (2006) War of Wars: The Epic Struggle Between Britain and France, 1789-1815. New York: Carroll Graf.

An Inside Look at Near-Death Experiences

An Inside Look at Near-Death Experiences July 24, 2019 Near-death experiences are a topic of growing interest and popularity, especially on the heels of popular movies and books that recount out-of-body experiences and other sensations that people experience during life-threatening situations. Of particular interest are two books written by doctors about near-death experiences. For instance, in Proof of Heaven, Dr. Eben Alexander recounts what he experienced while in a week-long coma brought on by meningitis. Meanwhile, in To Heaven and Back, Mary C. Neal discusses her near-death experience while submerged in a river after a kayaking accident. Both books spent a considerable amount of time on the New York Times Bestseller List demonstrating that this is a topic that has not only captivated the interest of the country but demands additional research by the medical community. After his near-death experience, Dr. Alexander studied his own medical charts and came to the conclusion that he was in such a deep coma that his brain was completely shut down. He believes the only way to explain what he experienced is to accept that his soul detached from his body and journeyed to another world. What Is a Near-Death Experience? From bright lights and warmth to a detachment from the body, flashbacks, and encounters with angels and other beings, these are things that people who have had near-death experiences recount experiencing. Whats more, people who have had these experiences report that their experience was not dreamlike nor was it a hallucination, but instead more real than real life itself. While these near-death experiences are widely-recognized phenomena, there are plenty of people who question the validity of near-death experiences. To critics, the stories about near-death experiences, or out-of-body experiences as they are sometimes called, ranks right up there with stories about psychic powers, poltergeists, alien abductions, and other tales. To many people, near-death experiences are just hard to believe. Yet, these experiences are too numerous and well-documented to be completely fabricated. Popular Theories The brain is both sophisticated and delicate. For instance, if oxygen is reduced by even a small amount, the brain will react almost immediately. As a result, many scientists suggest that near-death experiences are the result of physical changes in the brain, like the lack of oxygen, that takes place when the brain is stressed or dying. Loss of Oxygen They theorize that these experiences are brought on by a loss of oxygen, troubles with anesthesia, and the bodys neurochemical responses to trauma. But people who say they have had a near-death experience say these explanations are inadequate and do not explain or even come close to acknowledging what they experienced. Clearly, near-death experiences are interesting as well as scientifically intriguing. Plus, with advances in medical skills and technologies, doctors are now able to bring people back from the brink of death even more frequently. So, it seems plausible that there would be a rise in accounts of near-death experiences. Surviving Against the Odds For instance, there are reports of people making a full recovery after spending hours with no breath or pulse, buried in snow, or submerged in very cold water. In fact, surgeons even create these conditions intentionally. Not only will they chill a patients body or stop their heart to perform a dangerous operation, but they also have started trying these techniques on severely-injured trauma patients. They keep them between life and death until their wounds are adequately repaired. Anesthesia Awareness Consequently, people often have a story to tell about their experience. Many times, doctors often attribute these out-of-body experiences to anesthesia awareness, which they say impacts about one patient per 1,000 patients. Anesthesia awareness occurs when patients are under anesthesia but can still hear snatches of conversation or hear music playing in the operating room. What the Research Says The first written accounts of near-death experiences date back to at least the Middle Ages, while some researchers insist they can even be traced to ancient times. In fact, the medical journal Resuscitation published a brief account of the oldest known medical description of a near-death experience written by an 18th-century French military doctor. However, most modern research into near-death experiences is said to have started in 1975. Researchers at the University of Southampton Although very few objective studies about near-death experiences exist, there are several that have provided some initial insight into these experiences. For instance, researchers from the University of Southampton conducted a four-year international study on more than 2,000 cardiac-arrest patients. Their results and initial conclusions were published in Resuscitation. During the study, which was referred to as AWARE (awareness during resuscitation), the researchers studied a broad range of awareness and mental experiences associated with cardiac arrest. Of the 2,060 patients enrolled in the study, 330 survived and 140 we able to complete structured interviews about their memories of the event. Awareness vs. Memories What the researchers discovered is that nearly 40 percent of these individuals described some awareness of the time prior to resuscitation, or when their hearts stopped beating. The majority of these patients did not have any specific memories of the event though. What this suggests is that many people do have mental activity during cardiac arrest, but often lose their memories of that activity after recovery. According to the doctors conducting the study, this could be due to brain injury or sedative-like drugs. For example, ketamine, a drug often used for sedation and general anesthesia has been known to make people feel a strong sense of detachment from their bodies as well as a sense of peace or joy. In fact, the state of tranquility that they experience from using ketamine is often very similar to near-death experiences. Interestingly, the study also found that 46 percent of people experienced recollections in relation to death that were not compatible with how people describe near-death experiences. In fact, some reported being fearful or feeling like they were being dragged through deep water. Only 9 percent of people had experiences that were similar to near-death experiences and 2 percent had an out-of-body experience including hearing and seeing events. Experiences of Patients In one patients case, there was consciousness and awareness that seemed to occur during a three-minute period when there was no heartbeat. The researchers found this discovery paradoxical because the brain typically stops functioning within 20 to 30 seconds after the heart stops and doesnt seem to resume again until the heart has been restarted. So, the fact that there might have been some brain activity suggests that something is taking place. Overall, researchers were unable to disclaim that near-death experiences occur with absolute certainty. Likewise, there was such a small group that reported having experiences that they were unable to determine the reality or the meaning of the patients experiences. The patients suggested that terms like near-death and out-of-body experiences may not be sufficient enough to describe the actual experience of death and what is taking place in the brain. Finally, they suggest that future studies should focus on cardiac arrest, which is biologically synonymous with death rather than medical states sometimes referred to as near-death. Research at George Washington University Meanwhile, another study examined the brain activity of seven critically ill patients removed from life support. Using an EEG to record neural electrical activity, researchers found a spike in neural activity at or near the time of death even though just prior to the spike there was a loss of blood pressure and a drop in brain activity. According to the researchers, these spikes occur at a time when we most would expect the brain to die because of a lack of blood flow. Soon after the brain activity stopped, the patients were pronounced dead. Researchers speculate that as blood flow slows down and oxygen runs out, the cells are no longer able to maintain their charge. What happens next is a cascade of activity that ripples through the brain. If these seizures happen in the memory areas of a persons brain, this could explain the vivid memories that people report when they are resuscitated. A Word From Verywell Tales of near-death and out-of-body experiences have captivated people around the country for years. In fact, people love to hear what others have witnessed while so close to the brink of death. However, there is still so much about near-death experiences that is neither understood nor can be explained. Clearly, there is a need for additional, genuine research surrounding the phenomenon of near-death experiences and out-of-body experiences. Until then, many people simply take solace in knowing that these experiences are a part of life itself.

The Trauma of Killing Essay - 2221 Words

The United States military continues to engage in one of the longest periods of combat operations in our nation’s history. One of the results is an increase in the amount of persons suffering Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2000), a precursor to PTSD is the experience of an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury to self or others. Grossman (2009) argues that an additional factor, the emotional and spiritual response to killing another human being, also takes a tremendous toll on the mental health of returning soldiers. Forty-eight to sixty–five percent of soldiers returning from Operation Enduring Freedom have reported killing an enemy†¦show more content†¦In addition to their role as the official motto of the United States Military Academy at West Point, the words â€Å"Duty, Honor, (and) Country† serve to embody the conditioning that each recruit, both officer and enlisted, undergoes in all military branches. Each soldier is taught that they have an absolute responsibility to their fellow soldiers and the country they serve and to fail to uphold that responsibility can never be justified. This fear of failure, writes Grossman (2009) is one of the primary means the military uses to overcome soldier’s innate aversion to killing other human beings. It is also the fear that allows soldier’s to overcome the fear of death and take heroic actions (Nash, 2007). When a soldier perceives he has failed to live up to these standards, shame may result. The Stages of Killing Grossman (2009) writes that killing involves a series of emotions, beginning with concern before the killing, and followed by exhilaration, remorse, rationalization, and acceptance following the killing. Before a soldier kills for the first time, he or she will often have concerns regarding whether he or she will satisfactorily perform his or her duties or will let down fellow fighters by freezing or in some other fashion failing to properly engage the enemy. This fear of failure is generally mixed with the general fear of being killed or injured andShow MoreRelatedTrauma And Recovery By Judith Herman Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pages In Judith Herman’s book, Trauma and Recovery, she discusses her research and work with trauma survivors. In her book, she writes that, â€Å"traumatic events are extraordinary, not because they occur rarely, but rather because they overwhelm the ordinary human adaptations to life† (Herman 24). 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The Growth Of A New Zealand Family Essay - 1553 Words

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The government believes that the older adults have a greater opportunities to provide to the society with their valued knowledge and skills. Since the older adults need their dignity and respect in the society, it is important to the government as due to the growing rate of the older adults is increasing. (â€Å"New Zealand Positive Aging Strategy†, 2001). This report in detail will provide the theme of

Family Violence in New Zealand Free Essays

string(56) " the following factors can be more vulnerable to abuse\." Sally washed the dishes and began to dry them. All of a sudden, she heard the door slam. ‘Girl! Where’s my food? ‘ the voice yelled. We will write a custom essay sample on Family Violence in New Zealand or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sally began shaking and hunting frantically for the dish. Her seven year old fingers dropped the plate and it shattered on the floor. Her father stomped into the kitchen and began to threaten to beat her. Think this story is horrifying and unrealistic? Think again. Scenarios like this happen to thousands of children every day. Tens of thousands of children each year are traumatized by physical, sexual, and emotional abusers or by caregivers who neglect them, making child abuse as common as it is shocking. Most of us can’t imagine what would make an adult use violence against a child, and the worse the behaviour is, the more unimaginable it seems. But the incidence of parents and other caregivers consciously, even wilfully, committing acts that harm the very children they’re supposed to be nurturing is a sad fact of human society that cuts across all lines of ethnicity and class. Whether the abuse is from the perpetrator’s mental illness,  substance abuse, or inability to cope, the psychological result for each abused child is often the same: deep emotional scars and a feeling of worthlessness. Statistics show that family violence in New Zealand has increased by 20%. Child, Youth and Family had 66,210 notifications of suspected child abuse involving 47,221 children were received by Child, Youth and Family in 2005 and 2006. Now it has risen to over 130,000 notifications. Woman’s Refuge have been helping between 450–600 families per month and on average 14 woman, 6 men and 10 children are killed each year by a member of their family. Police figures report 9,630 male assaults and female assaults increased nationally by 40% in years up to 2008. Police attended 86,545 Family Violence callouts; there were roughly 200 Family Violence incidents per day one every 7 minutes. Police estimate that on average 18% of Family Violence incidents go unreported and at least 74,785 children and young people present at Family Violence incidents, 84% of those arrested are men and 16% are women. There were 3,105 temporary protection orders and 2,738 final protection orders involving approximately 10,000 children that were made by the Family Court in the year to 30 June 2006. Barnados, Personal communications, August 2012) For children 26 child victims were murdered by men and 15 child victims were murdered by women. Men are responsible for 2/3rds of the deaths of children aged 0 – 14 years and children under one years of age are at a greater risk of being killed Mothers and fathers are equally represented as perpetrators in this age group (The First Report July 2006. ) These statistics on abuse is a serious problem for such a small cou ntry. It is horrific to see how many children get abused everyday around our communities, cities and between the North and South Island. Child abuse is becoming a serious problem in New Zealand and is damaging our childs emotional, physical and cognitive development, which can lead to effects later on in life. There should be more advertising on child abuse and more people should speak up to get the help they are needed. Children are our future so we should be protecting them not hurting them. The role of the adult is to protect their children from any harm or dangerous situations and have a safe positive environment for the child to be in. The adult’s role is to care for the child and ensure that their well-being is being met and that they are nutured. Children at a young age are dependent on adults and need the guidance and support which some children are sadly not getting. The adult needs to be a positive role model in the child’s life and communicate with the child in a positive way. The role of the Early childhood educator is to care for and educate the children in their setting. It is your responsibility to keep these children safe from any harm or possible danger. Early childhood cetres should provide a positive learning environment where the child is encouraged, praised and acknowledged. Educators should support families and help when needed. It is our goal to make a difference in a child’s life and it should be a positive one. This essay will outline who is abused, the children in our society that are particularly vulnerable to abuse and will state the five main types of abuse that are addressed in New Zealand. It will discuss the short term and long term effects of physical, emotional, sexual abuse, neglect and family violence for both children and families. It will discuss the positive and negative effects on a community of a suspected child abuse case and discuss why it is important for children to know how to protect themselves through three strategies. This essay will explain what early childhood teachers should do to protect themselves from allegations when working in an early childhood setting and give two examples of two voluntary services in New Zealand which support children who have been abused and support the children and their families these services are Otautahi Refuge and Barnyards. The final part of this essay will evaluate the role of both voluntary and private services in supporting children and their families under pressure these services are Child, Youth and Family and Cholmdeley Children’s Home it will discuss the usefulness and limitations of each service then finally conclude the key aspects. There are four main types of abuse around the world these are emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect. There is also a fifth type of abuse in New Zealand which is family violence. Child, Youth and Family, 2011). Every child can be exposed to violence and many children can be vulnerable to abuse. Children In our society that is living with the following factors can be more vulnerable to abuse. You read "Family Violence in New Zealand" in category "Family" A child with a young mother that has a low self-esteem that may have little support and is unable to cope with stress. A parent that has a psychiatric history or mental illness. A child who is living with an unrelated adult, a child that lives in an environment with family violence or the parent or family member has a history of abuse. Other factors can include Excessive use of alcohol, drug taking, poverty, lack of essential resources, the parent has dissatisfaction with the child and is unwanted, social isolation where there is no family support and minimal antenatal care. (Simcock, 2011). Infants and children with disabilities are particularly vulnerable and are at a higher risk of being abused. Babies and under two’s are the most vulnerable of all children, because they are fully dependent on adults to care for them. It is also easier for parents to become isolated at this time because the child may not be in preschool and will not have much contact with the outside world. This can make it harder professionals or others to identify when things aren’t quite right. (Child, Youth Family, 2011). Some offenders abuse children because they are attracted to their dependency; this combined with society’s attitude towards disabled people can increase the risk of disabled children and those that have learning difficulties being abused. Children with disabilities are less likely to receive information on abuse and might not understand the inappropriateness of abuse and the difference between good and bad touching. Children with disabilities may receive less affection from family and friends who can make them be more accepting to sexual attention. Children with disabilities are more vulnerable because they could be less likely to tell someone what has happened because of communication disabilities as well as they might not be believed. (Beaver, et al. 2008). There are short term and long term effects that each type of abuse can have on children and families. â€Å"Verbal and psychological wounds can leave a child forever changed†. (Teach through love, 2012). The effects of emotional abuse are often silent and are often overlooked, unnoticed or confused with other causes. Emotional child abuse, attacks a child’s self-concept, the child comes to see him or herself as unworthy of love and affection. The lo ng term effects of child abuse may not be shown until the child is older. Less severe forms of early emotional deprivation still can produce drastic effects of emotional abuse such as babies who will grow into anxious and insecure children who are slow to develop and who may fail to develop a strong sense of self-esteem. (chrome://newtabhttp//www. teach-through-love. com/effects-of-emotional-abuse. html). The long term effect on neglect from poor health show that adults who experienced abuse or neglect during childhood are more likely to suffer from physical ailments such as allergies, arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, high blood pressure, and ulcers (Springer, Sheridan, Kuo, Carnes, 2007). Sexual abuse effects on children and youth can be evident in emotional, physical and behavioural ways. These effects can be just as devastating whether there was only one occurrence or there were repeated occurrences. Sexual abuse cannot be compared, because each abuse experience is unique. When a child is sexually abused she/he learns that adults cannot be trusted for care and protection their well-being is disregarded, and there is a lack of support and protection. Short term effects could include some form of bruising on the child, long term effects can include depression, extreme dependency, inability to judge trustworthiness in others, mistrust, anger and hostility. Children’s bodies can often respond to the sexual abuse, bringing on shame and guilt. (chrome://newtabhttp//www. child-abuse-effects. com/sexual-abuse-effects. html). Physical abuse is a behaviour which results in physical harm to a child. Short term effects of physical abuse may include unexplained bruises, welts, cuts and abrasions these can be found in unusual places and should be looked out for in case they are a regular occurrence. Short term effects also include burn marks and unexplained fractures or dislocations which can be unusual for a child at a young age. The child may not be able to trust and be fearful of physical contact. (Child, Youth and Family, 2011). Family violence is like a war zone in the family household. It is where children live an in environment characterised by fear, frustration, anger, cruelty and violence. Children that are exposed to family violence can have short term effects this could be when the child develops severe behavioural problems, become violent as adolescents and for long term effects they could continue the cycle of violence. chrome://newtabhttp//www. jigsaw. org. nz/Site/Help/Hot_Topics/family_violence. aspx). Family violence can cause the child to have a low self-esteem, poor academic results when older, and can have a fear of developing close relationships. (chrome://newtabhttp//www. jigsaw. org. nz/Site/Help/Hot_Topics/family_violence. aspx). The long terms effects th at abuse can have on the family could be that the abuser might not know they are constantly putting the child down and neglecting them, the adult may not see any harm in it. The child might show signs when they are older that they have been emotionally abused and their parents may question why they are acting or have feelings that way. The victim (child) may have no trust in adults and might not be able to form close relationships. The effects of physical and sexual abuse on the family will be if someone notices the child being abused they could report it to the agency for example CYFS (Child, Youth and Family) and the abuser could be charged against and put into jail depending on the seriousness of the abuse. The family will get a name for themselves and the family will be torn apart. (Child, Youth and Family, 2011). Child abuse can affect anyone, even children in your own community. The effects on a suspected child abuse case in the community can have both negative and positive effects. The positive effects are that the community will be aware of what is going on around them and can look out for families that may be vulnerable to abuse â€Å"The more people there are looking out for children, the safer they’ll be† (Child, Youth and Family, pg. 25). The community watch will intervene if needed but will keep a look out to see if there is any unexpected behaviour that should not be occurring. Helpful ways that the community can get involved will be listening and supporting the family, putting them in touch with people that can help. The community could send out brochures or have community group meetings that discuss abuse, what to look out for and if needed where to get help and support from. This will allow the family to feel a sense of support from the community and get the help that is needed. The negatives about the community suspecting could be that the family may hear gossip that is going around and feel like they are being named and discriminated against. The family may have a feeling of being ‘judged’ and from that feel isolated from everyone in the community. Children of a young age are often unaware or naive of potential danger and therefore vulnerable to abuse or bullying. Because of this it is important that children know how to protect themselves from abuse, bullying and to be aware when they could be in possible danger. The best way to protect children is to empower them to protect themselves, by doing this they need to feel good about them and then will have a high level of confidence, self-esteem and be assertive therefore making them less vulnerable to abuse and bullying. The childcare practitioner has a professional duty and responsibility to protect the welfare of the children in their care. Children should feel that they are able to come to the childcare practitioner for help and protection, but will only be able to do this once a trusting relationship has been built up between them. The childcare practitioner also has a responsibility to involve the parents in helping children to protect themselves, as the message given to the children needs to be consistent. (Beaver, et al. , 2008). One way that I would teach a child to protect themselves would be through a learning experience that involves how to take care of the babies in the centre. I will demonstrate and role model how to care for the babies by being gentle, bathing them appropriately being calm and feeding them the right foods. I will show them how to correctly hold a baby and have conversations on why you should never drop or shake a baby. From this experience children will develop awareness of what is appropriate and what is inappropriate and if you have a strong relationship with the child they may approach you and say that it’s not the way their younger siblings are being treated at home, this will then lead to questioning of abuse. Hide and seek is not only just a game but it can be used to prevent children from family violence, physical and sexual abuse. As a practitioner you can talk to the children about being in an uncomfortable situation for example if there is a lot of yelling or someone being hit in the household or if you ever feel unsafe to run and hide under their bed or lock themselves in the bathroom if there is a lock on the door and not to come out until it is safe. This is a hard strategy to tell children because you do not want to scare or upset the children so you have to say it in a relaxed way. This can help prevent the child from the abuser or witnessing any forms of abuse. Another strategy that I can teach would be teaching the children about their body parts and what is appropriate to touch and what is inappropriate to touch. This is a hard subject to address because you could explain to the children that no one other than someone they trust can touch their ‘private’ areas for example when nappy changing and washing but other than that they should not touch them. â€Å"Your body is your own†. (Finkelhor, D. pg. 59, 2007). Teaching children that their body is their own and that no one can touch it without permission. Establishing open and direct communication at a very early age about sexuality and â€Å"private body parts†, using the correct names for genitals and other parts of the body, will help children understand what is and what is not allowed for adults in contact with them. This will also help them recognise embarrassing or abusive behaviour. To teach this to children I could use a board story of the body and get the children to identify each part and whether it is okay for other children and adults they don’t trust to touch them there or not, this could allow conversations to start and the children may ask questions. Finkelhor, D. 2007). Safe and unsafe touching. Teach children the difference between safe/appropriate and unsafe/inappropriate touching. Tell children it is not okay if someone looks at or touches their private parts or asks them to look at or touch someone’s private parts, and that inappropriate touches are wrong and against the law. If they are not su re whether someone else’s behaviour towards them is acceptable, make sure they know to ask a trusted adult for help. (Finkelhor, D. 2007). Early childhood teachers need to protect themselves when working in an early childhood setting to protect ourselves from allegations of child abuse. Centres should have a set of policies and procedures set in place so that parents, caregivers and whanau can view these at any time. If a child has an accidental injury it must be recorded in a book stating what happened, how you fixed it and ensure that it is signed by a witness. If a child makes false allegations against you, record the dates and time it was said and get another adult to witness if it is possible. If a child touches a teacher inappropriately, record what happened and let another adult know what happened. When you go on school trips ensure that you have enough staff for ratios. As a teacher you need to make sure you don’t place yourself in a position where you are spending a huge amount of time alone with one child this could lead to assumptions. (Beaver, et al. , 2008). If you are an early childhood teacher in a home based setting, never take a child into your bedroom or take children in the car by yourself unless you have that trust with the parent/caregiver. When changing a child’s nappy, clothing and bathing ensure that there is someone with you, most centres have see-through windows in there toileting area. When it comes toileting never wipe a child’s bottom when they are capable of doing it for themselves, avoid going on your own to the toilet with children. Keep in mind of how and where you touch a child. If a child is really young or disabled consider a cushion for your lap when they sit on your knee. If a child hugs you or kisses you be careful if it extends. If you are going out of the room with a child for example to the store room to help get paint make sure you tell another teacher or adult where you’re going and make sure you are not out there for a long period of time. Early childhood teachers need to ensure that they follow these procedures in order to protect themselves. (Beaver, et al. , 2008). Otautahi woman’s refuge is a community based, voluntary organisation that have been operating since 1989 with the purpose of supporting whanau Maori to escape family violence and move towards wellbeing. Otautahi empower and support whanau Maori and communities who choose a free life from violence and abuse in all forms. Otautahi have a safe house which is primarily for Female Maori and tamariki who are involved or in immediate family violence situations this allows the family to be safe from harm, confidential and supervised at all times, Otautahi also have outreach support to both perpetrator and victim. They provide a 24hour seven days a week support How to cite Family Violence in New Zealand, Essays

Should College Have One Attendance Policy free essay sample

The college should have one attendance policy for all departments. Attendance policy is strange things, and perhaps the strangest thing about them is how often they completely differ from one another. There is no college – wide attendance policy that students must follow, but many departments create their own. Some departments have strict attendance policies, but many times the policy is whatever the professor feels like. I think the college should adopt a more uniform attendance policy for several reasons. First of all, the lack of uniformity can be mind – boggling for student. Attendance policy varies a lot between professors. Some professors don’t enforce these policies; many make up their own and put it in their syllabus. It’s not uncommon for a gen-ed to have a strict attendance policy while an important course for student’s major has a very lenient one. It’s obviously more important that the student attend the major course, but he or she only faces consequences if the gen-ed is missed. We will write a custom essay sample on Should College Have One Attendance Policy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Second of all, many department policies are not enforced by professors. This is worse than not having a policy in the first place. How are students supposed to take showing up to class seriously if their teachers don’t? Another reason, attendance policies do not do a good job of reflecting the importance of a class. Furthermore the inconsistent attitudes professors have towards them are confusing to student. Therefore, when faces with so many varying opinions on the importance or unimportance of attendance policies, students lose the basic point. However, every student should attend all classes. Not only are professor there to teach you in the first place, you paid to learn. Not going to class is essentially throwing money away while pretending to be a student. In short, attendance policy at college should be changed in order to be more consistent. Either do away with policies altogether and let the students face the long-term consequences of their actions, or find a policy every professor in the department will stand behind and enforce.